Gender Pay Gap - 14271 Words

Go to Main Section of Page | Home | View PDF | Email | Print | Save to Favorite Documents | CiteNow! | Find Keyword | * FULL REPORT * Introduction * Overview * Background * Current Situation * Outlook * Pro/Con * Chronology * Short Features * Maps/Graphs * Bibliography * The Next Step * Contacts * Footnotes * About the Author * * Comments | Gender Pay Gap | Are women paid fairly in the workplace? | March 14, 2008 †¢ Volume 18, Issue 11 | By Thomas J. Billitteri Introduction Former Goodyear manager Lilly Ledbetter won more than $3 million in a pay-discrimination suit against the tire firm, but the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the verdict in 2007 for filing her complaint too†¦show more content†¦Bush administration. The wrangle over wages is playing out not just in Washington but in cities and towns across America. In the biggest sex-discrimination lawsuit in U.S. history, a group of female Wal-Mart employees has charged the retail giant with bias in pay and promotions. The case could affect perhaps 1.6 million women employees of Wal-Mart and result in billions of dollars in back pay and damages.The enormously complex gender-pay debate encompasses economics, demographics, law, social justice, culture, history and sometimes raw emotion. Few dispute that a wage gap exists between men and women. In 2006 full-time female workers earned 81 percent of men s weekly earnings, according to the latest U.S. Labor Department data, with the wage gap broader for older workers and narrower for younger ones. Separate U.S. Census Bureau data put the gap at about 77 percent of men s median full-time, year-round earnings. The fundamental issues are why the gap exists, how much of it stems from discrimination and what should be done about it.Some contend the disparity can largely be explained by occupational differences between women and men, variations in work experience, number of hours worked each year and other such things.June O Neill, an economics professor at the City University of New York s Baruch College andShow MoreRelatedGender Gap In Pay1574 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Gender Pay Gap also referred to as Gender wage gap, gender income difference or male-female income difference refers to the difference between the earning of men and women (Victoria, 2006). The European Union defines the Gender Pay gap as the difference between men and women’s hourly earnings (OECD, 2012). The difference may be measured on hourly, weekly, monthly, or yearly earning. The difference is expressed as a percentage of the men’s earning. However, the difference varies fromRead MoreThe Gender Pay Gap1639 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gender Pay Gap PROBLEM Introduction The pay gap between men and women has fallen quite dramatically over the past 30 years though a sizeable gap still remains, but this headline figure masks some less positive developments in recent years. We are used to each generation of women making progress relative to the one before, but this process has slowed slightly with the better than the previous one(Centre Piece Summer 2006). The gender pay gap measures the earning differences betweenRead MoreThe And Gender Pay Gap932 Words   |  4 Pagesarrangements. Feminism has been one of the successful social movements, and has promoted alternative types of the American family. The movement has different priorities in each society, and in the United States one of the issues is the â€Å"gender pay gap†. Gender pay gap is defined as the average difference between men’s and women’s aggregate hourly earnings (European Commission, 2014). According to the U.S. Department of Labor, in 2014 the median weekly earnings for workers with at least a bachelor’sRead MoreGender And Gender Pay Gap1173 Words   |  5 Pages Gender pay gaps have been a hot topic over the last several years. In my findings, I found three articles that stood out the most to me, as well as some statistical information. Gender pay gap is an interesting subject because it happens all across the United States, as well as in o ther countries worldwide. This pay gap can affect women of all ages, race, religion and educational levels. What is gender pay gap? The gender pay gap is defined as the difference between women and men’s full time averageRead MoreIs The Gender Pay Gap?1880 Words   |  8 Pagesthe gender pay gap. Most people who use this phrase in casual conversation do not really know what this entails. It is much more than men earning more than women. The significance of this pay discrepancy becomes much more apparent when looking at the bigger picture. Over an entire lifetime of working, a woman making only 77 cents to the male dollar loses a total of $1.2 million dollars over the course of her working life (Murphy Graff, 2005). A risk of poverty for women living with a pay gap isRead MoreGender Pay Gap2020 Words   |  8 PagesGender Pay Gap The economic issue with the gender pay gap has been a concern for quite some time. Many people say that men are paid more money, or have higher salaries than women; however, there are also people who believe otherwise. Some argue that maternity leave or education level is a reason why women seem to be paid less than men, and others argue that there is a bigger issue such as race and age. The following information will address both viewpoints on the gender pay gap and its issues withinRead MoreWhy The Gender Pay Gap Essay1692 Words   |  7 PagesVincent (2013) provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis on why the gender pay gap exists in Canada by researching, studying, analyzing, and interpreting over 39 different sources of Canadian micro data and finds that the gender pay gap has decreased over the years but still persists even in younger generations, less than a third of the pay gap can be explained through females over-occupying lower sector jobs, women placing a larger emphasize on non- monetary related aspects of a jobRead MoreGender Equality And The Pay Gap895 Words   |  4 Pages The gender pay gap has always been an issue concerning the work force and those apart of it. Men have always made more money than women no matter the occupation, and pay discrimination needs to be stopped. It s even been documented that women are more active and educated in labor force but still receive 78 cents for every dollar a man makes. The pay gap is affecting all women and impacting those of all races, ethnic groups, ages, education levels, and is a problem in every state. A change needsRead MoreGender Inequality : Gender Pay Gap975 Words   |  4 PagesThe gender pay gap in Hollywood The gender pay gap is the difference in pay earned by men and the pay earned by women.( Pay Equity Commission, 2012). There are various ways in measuring the pay gap between genders, such as full- time or full- year wage. Statistics Canada data ( 2012) displayed that the gender pay gap in Ontario was 26% for full- time and full- year employments, which means for every C$1 earned by a man, a woman earned 74 cents( Pay Equity Commission,2012).The pay gap has been narrowingRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Pay Gap1543 Words   |  7 Pagesthe gender pay gap in the UK. These theories are taste discrimination, statistical discrimination, human capital and occupational segregation. Other research and data are included in this essay as evidence to support the different theories. The four theories covered in this essay all provide some explanation for the gender pay gap in the UK, some more than others – statistical discrimination theory having the highest explanatory power for t he magnitude of this pay gap. The gender pay gap can be

Classical Criminology And Modern Criminology - 1412 Words

Classical criminology is â€Å"usually seen as the first ‘real’ criminology† (Tierney,2009), due to its emergence in the eighteenth century, heralded by scholars Jeremey Bentham and Cesare de Beccaria. It is centred on the ‘act’ rather than the ‘offender’, as well as the use of punishment as a deterrence. Yet whilst classical criminology has evolved slightly over time, it’s narrow minded focus on the ‘offence’ rather than the ‘offender’ can result in the overlooking of crucial details that may have facilitated the offence. Such details can include low-socio economic upbringing, mental health issues or social inequality. Therefore, when dealing with youth crime in Melbourne, only a limited amount of crime is explainable as classical†¦show more content†¦Young offenders are risking greater ‘pain’ such as lengthy imprisonment or large fines, for dangerous offences like car theft, or home invasions. This reckless ignorance of potential outcomes, is not taken into perspective when looking at it from a classical perspective. The inability to understand the recklessness and lack of rationality in Melbourne’s youth, is a key weakness and limitation of Classical criminology. Whilst people do have the free will to make decisions, classical theory does not register the impact of extenuating circumstances such as a low-socioeconomic upbringing, or mental illnesses as a motivator for crime. This is due to the classical perception of all humans as rational beings. This meaning the individual makes rational decisions after calculating the best outcome. They decide whether to act in a devious manner or to continue abiding by societies rules. Through this definition, Classical principles render a large number of crimes committed unexplainable, due to its ignorance towards behaviour deemed irrational. It is summarised perfectly as an â€Å"overly rational vision of human nature†(Criminology,2004). Dr Chris Lennings wrote a paper explaining links between illness and crimes committed by youths in Australia. Although it is not specific to Melbourne it does help depict the limitations of classical Criminology’s limitations. After an analysis o fShow MoreRelatedThe Criminal Justice System1700 Words   |  7 Pagescriminal behaviour. In the 18th century criminologists such as Jeremy Bentham, Cesare Bonesana-Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso all established criminological theories, in an attempt to achieve this goal. The most influential theories are known as the Classical and Positivist perspectives. Both of these theories have had a long-term influence on the current Criminal Justice System. Which were so significant throughout the 20th and 21st century because they introduced effective new strategies for the systemRead MoreClassical, Biological And Psychological Theories901 Words   |  4 Pages Early classical, biological and psychological theories have helped shape the burgeoning world of criminology. Many of the ideas they held were unique, however, some key principles are still in use by there modern counterparts. Classical psychological theories, focused on two main concepts; personality and behaviorism. Personality theories helped improve cognitive sciences and behaviorism called attention to social learning with a focus on behavioral conditioning. For example, Ivan Pavlov, a prominentRead MoreThe Various Theories of Criminology 1276 Words   |  5 PagesCriminology is defined as an interdisciplinary profession built around the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior including their forms, causes, legal aspects, and control. There are many aspects in the field of criminology. These aspects include the areas of research involved, the criminology schools of thought, theoretical developments and the people involved in creating and developing the theories. What role do criminologists play in the field of criminology? The term criminologistRead MoreClassical Vs. Classical Criminology989 Words   |  4 PagesThe classical criminology school is arguably a controversial phenomena; largely based on their neglect to acknowledge human behaviour as a cause of crime (Morrison 1995). This has led some researchers to argue that classical criminology cannot be considered as a science (Garland 1985). Further, researchers have, however, disputed these claims, arguing that the research provided by classical criminologists is useful and has provided a gateway for many criminal justice reforms. In light of this, thisRead MorePunishment Vs Classical Criminology1745 Words   |  7 Pagespunishment, others have chosen a relatively fair system of justice. Nevertheless, each system has had and served its purpose in fulfilling a given role in the society they are established. The classical criminology as envisioned by Bentham and Beccaria in the 1700†™s and 1800’s has been the foundation upon which the modern criminal system is based on. While very many changes have been made to it, its core principles have remained to date and continue to influence how law and crime relate to each other. ImportantlyRead MoreBiological and Classical School1265 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Classical School of criminology emerged during the eighteenth century after the European Enlightenment period. It was during this time that law enforcement and laws were disparate and unjust and punishment was brutal. Members of the Classical School would demand justice that based on equality and human punishment that was appropriate for the offense. According to Williams and McShane 2009, the Classical School was uninterested in studying the criminal per se; it gained its associationRead MoreFeatures Of Classical Criminology779 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Criminology† is a difficult term to define because it is open to interpretation, some may argue that â€Å"criminology† is the scientific study of criminals and the crimes that they commit. It incorporates numerous disciplines such as law, sociology, history and physiology as well as other disciplines like victimology which are more focused disciplines within criminology. Sutherland (1939) gives the view that criminology is based around â€Å"three great tributaries† these are: The study of crime, the studyRead MoreCriminology Theories and Capital Crimes1182 Words   |  5 PagesCriminology Theories and Capital Crimes: As part of the distinct aspects of criminal justice policy, the different criminology theories have significant impacts on the criminal justice system. The different theories of crime are used to explain criminal justice policy and the criminal justice system. These theories were developed by different people in attempts to explain criminal justice. In addition, criminological theories assist is shaping the societys reaction to offense in relation to preventingRead MoreClassical Theory of Criminology Essay1523 Words   |  7 PagesCriminology is the study of why individuals engage or commit crimes and the reasons as to why they behave in certain ways in different situations (Hagan, 2010). Through understanding the reasons or why an individual commits a crime, one can come up with ways to prevent and control crime or rehabilitate criminals. There exist a large number of criminology theories, some link crime to an individual or person; they believe a person weighs the cons and pros an d makes a conscious decision on whether toRead MoreCriminology and Physical or Mental Illness631 Words   |  3 PagesCriminology and Physical or Mental Illness Crime Crime is seen as any deviant act that is dangerous or harmful socially and is considered to be prohibited and punishable under laws of crime(Siegel, 2007). Deviant behavior includes a wide range of behaviors which are considered to be out of line with the social norms in a given society. It is deduced from this definition that criminal acts are deviant which a society considers harmful to them and prohibits them(Siegel, 2007). Sociological understanding

Cyber Insurance for Information Infrastructure -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCyber Insurance for Information Technology Infrastructure. Answer: Introduction Cyber Insurance is the insurance of the production which has been used or is going to be used for the protection of the business and the individual users as well. They are from the internet based risks that arise from the information technology infrastructure and the activities. (Wang, 2017). There is a policy which include the coverage which is mainly against the loss like the destruction of data, theft and the hacking. (Breton, 2017) The denial of service, liability coverage and then working over the errors and omissions is a major part of cyber insurance. The failure to safeguard the data or the defamation includes the different types of security auditing practices with post incident public relations which is based on criminal reward funds. Benefits of Cyber Insurance There are different markets in the countries which are comparatively smaller to the other types of the insurance products. The overall effect is emerging with the cyber threats which are not easy to qualify rather effect people and the business. They have a relatively broader comparison to the scope of protection which is generally provided by the insurance of the products, companies that tend to continue with proper development of the services (Pal et al., 2017). The insurers work on the cyber loss and the other cyber threats which are developing and changing the system standards. It is important to work with the IT security services with the criteria for the insurers to match the offering of the cyber insurance products and work towards the development with active partnering towards the IT security of the companies and development of products. The direct improvement of the security standards with the cyber insurances is important where the events are based on the large-scale securi ty breach (Meland et al., 2017). The insurance also provides a complete smoothening of the operations and the mechanisms which comes for the recovery from different major losses (Chase et al., 2017). This also help the business to return to the normalised and reducing needs for the proper government assistance. The insurance also helps the cyber security risks for the easy distribution process where the costs of premiums works on commensuration with the size of loss from such risks. This tends to avoid any dangerous concentrations of risks with prevention of free-riding as well. In order to work on different obstacles there is a need to work on achieving maturity with absence of reliable actuarial data for computing the insurance premiums. The decision makers tend to contribute to the little demands with the legal and the procedurals standards set to identify the generation of cyber insurance (Romanosky et al., 2017). The aspects are related to claim about the compensation for the damages where entities are about considering the cyber insurance which needs to undergo the invasive security evaluation procedures with revealing of the IT infrastructures. The witness is about the vulnerabilities and attacks with improvement in defining the security standards (Floridi, 2017). Types of Cyber Insurance The hacksurance works over the cyber-attacks and then handling the hacking attacks. The theft and fraud tend to cover the destruction or the loss of the policyholder data with the major results of the criminal cyber events. This also includes the theft and the transferring of the funds (Wang, 2017). Business interruption covers the lost income with related costs where the policy holders tend to conduct the business due to the cyber events or the loss of data. The extortion is about providing a proper coverage of the costs which are associated to the investigation of the threats with committing to the cyber-attacks as well (Doherty et al., 2017). This is mainly against the policyholder system where the payments are for the extortionists who tend to threaten for obtaining and then disclosing all the information which is sensitive. The reputation insurance is against the attacks mainly and the defamation. The computer data loss and the restoration tend to cover the physical damage with the loss of use, computer related assets with the costs of retrieving and restoring the data. the information is destroyed or damaged mainly with the cyber-attack factors (Lu et al., 2017). Needs of cyber-insurance This works over the infrastructure where the users and the services are offered on the computer networks with wider variety of the risks which have been posed by the threats. This also includes the distributed denial of service attacks, intrusions, hacking, phishing, worms, viruses and spams. The counter of the risks is posed by the threats where the network users have resorted to the antivirus and the anti-spam software, firewalls and the intrusion detection systems. There are add-ons for reducing the likelihood which is being affected mainly by threats. The consideration is about the research efforts which are being centred for the development and the deployment of the tools (Hoang et al, 2017). Here, the techniques are set to detect the threats as well as the anomalies which are to protect the cyber infrastructure as well. The users are working over the negative impacts of the anomalies. The improvement in the techniques of risks protection are mainly due to the setup of the hardware, software and the other cryptographic methods where it is not possible to properly achieve the perfect cyber security protection (Petratos et al., 2017). The major reasons for the same are: The scarcity of the existence with the sound technical solutions. The difficulty is about the designing of the solutions along with catering to the different needs and intentions that is set for the attack on the network. Here the misalignment of the incentives is mainly between the network users with security products that is for the regulatory authorities. The users of the network work over the advantage where the positive security effects are generated by the other users with the investment in security. They are not mainly investing in security or resulting in the free-riding problems (Kuru et al., 2017). The customer lock-in and the first mover effects are the needs of cyber insurance where there is a need to track the vulnerable security products. The liability is set with the user naiveness with optimisation of the exploiting of feature benefits of technical solutions. The standards are set for the risks mitigation where there is a need to work over the alternative methods with risks management in cyberspace. The highlights are about the importance to improve the current state of cyber security. The check is over the needs to reduce the cyber threats which are being resilient to them (Sanguinetti et al, 2017). The security research has been identified with potential tool that is effective for the risks management. The cyber insurance is the best risks management technique which is set over the network to handle the user risks that could easily be transferred to the insurance company (low, 2017). For this, in return, there is an insurance premium which has been used, where the examples for the same are the potential cyber insurers who tend to include the ISP, Cloud provider and the traditional insurance organisation. The belief is about the designing of the contracts which have a proper shift in the amounts related to the self-defence with the liabi lity that is given to the clients. The self-defence is also applied to the network for the security of the system. The proponents are applied to the efforts by the network user to secure the system and handle the anti-virus and the anti-spam software, firewalls and the security of operating systems. The potential is mainly about the marketing of solutions which could easily align to the economic incentives and work over the insurers who work for the policy makers, security software vendors etc (Zhang et al., 2017). They tend to earn profit with pricing premiums along with the network users who tend to seek for the potential loss and working over buying the insurance and investing over the self-defence mechanisms. The policy markers tend to ensure about the increased network security and the security software vendors can also work over the increased product sales through forming of alliances with other cyber insurers (O Rourke, 2017). Issues in the Systems The issues of the target risks are related to the risks management where the current cyber networks can set the link to the market failure. There are properties related to correlated risks and the asymmetries between the insurers and the insured standards. The information security has a major negative effect on the environment where there are other issues related to the inability for users to distinguish between high and the low risks patterns (Shah, 2016). They are mainly to undertake the patterns which have an adverse effect on the loss probabilities where after the insurance contract is signed for the moral hazard problems. The challenge is about the interdependency and the correlated nature of the cyber risks where there are other cyber insurance standards that tend to differentiate between the traditional insurance scenarios. They work over the forms, where the large distributed systems like internet holds the risks span with the larger set of nodes that are correlated (Tarr, 20 17). Here, the user investments are in the security mainly to counter the risks with generating the positive externalities for the other users as well. The aim is about the enabling of the users and working over the internalisation and externalities in the network (Young et al, 2016). Here, the network users work over optimising the investments in solutions for security where the alleviation of the moral hazards is about improving the network security as well. The aim of the cyber security insurance is to focus on enabling the individual users to internalise and work over the risks spans which are small. The uncorrelated forms and standards are generated by the user investments in safety which are found to be much easy as well. As per the investigations, it involves the different services of the third-party security firm where the coordination is mainly with law enforcement and the FBI (Biener et al., 2018). The business loss with the cyber insurance policies need to include the items related to cover the errors and omissions policy. The errors are mainly due to the negligence and the other monetary losses which have been experienced by the network downtime, business interruption etc. Hence, the privacy standards and the notification need to work over the customers and the other affected parties which will help in monitoring the credits for the customers where the information is also about whether the data is breached or not (Stephens et al, 2017). The lawsuits and the extortion of data includes certain legal expenses which are associated to the release of confidential information and intellectual property standards, where the legal settlements and the regulatory standards include the costs of the cyber ext ortion like the ransomware. Here, it is important to focus on the cyber risks changes with the organisations that need to focus on the breach to avoid any type of the negative standards or damage the trust of the customers. The limited data standards need to also determine about the financial impact of attack with the risks related to the cyberattacks. For looking over the cyber insurance policies, it is important to check over the stand-along applications and the customisation forms in the organisation. Here, there is a possibility to compare all types of deductibles which are for the health, wealth and the policies of facility (Kesan et al., 2017). The coverage and the limits are determined for the organisation to focus on the failure and the targeted attacks against any type of organisation. The cyber insurance need to focus on assessing the vulnerability with creating a cyber risks profiles that tend to follow the best practices and enable the defences with controls that protect against the attacks as much as possible. With this, the education of the employees is mainly in the form of security awareness which is for the phishing and the social engineering. Hence, it is important for the organisations to work over the assessments with the threat intelligent services that are set for the zero day and the targeted attacks to engage the services with the ethical hackers. This tend to reveal the risks of the security weakness as well (Halpern et al., 2017). Current work There have been different changes in the market, where cyber insurance works over the free riding behaviour of the internet users without any major presence of the cyber-insurance. It also includes the works where there are benefits related to incentivizing the internet users to properly invest in security standards. The work address is about the restricted market types where there is no major model information asymmetry for the work. The cyber insurance is mainly insufficient, but they are important for handling and adopting to the different policies which are for the insurance by the users. The proof of the inefficiency is set with the correlated standards and the risks where the efficient markets are under the stage of premium discrimination. As per the standards of the premium volume which is set for the insurance companies who have been not able to enter the market for the cyber exposure (lu et al., 2017). The cyber insurance covers the first party loss and the third party claims as well where the generalised liability insurance is to work over the property damage. Here, Sony has been caught in PlayStation hacker breach with the harder costs which was about $171M that could have been a major offset by the cyber insurance. Now, there was a proper court case to define about the policies of Sony which only covered for the physical damage of the property and not the cyber damages. Hence, for this, the costs are also based on organisation industry with the different types of services which requires the data risks and exposure evaluation. The examples are related to the premiums which range from $800 to $1200 for the consultants, preparers of the tax and the other small organisations with different revenues in millions. To work over the creation of cyber risk profile, there is a need to evaluate the different lists of expenses which needs to cover the events that determine the costs for the third party (Chase et al., 2017). The insurers also provide the calculator about the websites and the evaluation is about the lists of coverage and the estimate costs. The cyber and privacy insurance is mainly set with the technology errors where the protection of the providers for the technology like the computer software and hardware manufacturers is about storing the corporate data based on the off-site basis. The policies are related to the website media content with property exposures that comes from interruption of business, loss of data and the destruction. The computer fraud and the loss of the funds transfer is also considering a major issue with cyber extortion that works with the firms customer personal information like the Social Security or the credit card numbers. The policies are related to credit monitoring with notification costs that are mainly to defend the claims for the state regulators, fines and the penalties. This leads to the loss that results from the ident ity theft. The hampering of the development is completely inadequate where there is a major disclosure of the cyber-attacks where the released information impacts the financial performance. As per the malware incident in 2017, it was seen that Reckitt Benckiser worked over the released information over the cyber-attacks. This would have a major impact on the financial performance that tends to analysts who believe that the trend for the companies is transparent with the data that comes from the cyber incident (Chase et al., 2017). The standards are set to hold the premiums with the growth from $2 billion to $20 billion by 2025. Here, the market immaturity and the lack of standardisation are major reasons that need to take care of the cyber products with the insurance worlds. For this, there is a need to focus over the exposures where the landscape and the capacity are available depending upon the standards. The technology, social media and the transactions keep on changing with the roles where the organisations works over the conducting of the business. The risks are related to the avoid, accept, control and transfer depending upon the risks when it comes to cyber insurance (Pal et al., 2017). Conclusion It has been seen that the threat intelligence and the ethical hacking services are difficult to handle. Hence, there is a need to focus over the investments where the assessment of vulnerability tool is to determine about the penetration with probing any external network defences. This is set for the insurance coverage which is standardised to hold and work on requesting the audits of the organisation process and governance (Hoang et al., 2017). This is a major condition for coverage where the business case for the cyber insurance is to maintain the customer information and collect the online payment information with complete safety and security. References Biener, C., Eling, M. and Wirfs, J.H., 2018. Insurability of cyber risk.Methodology, p.9. Breton, L., 2017, July. Risky Cyber Security:'7012'Regulations Federally-Driven Inhibitor to Resilience within the Defense Industrial Base-A Position Paper. InSoftware Quality, Reliability and Security Companion (QRS-C), 2017 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 285-288). IEEE. Chase, J., Niyato, D., Wang, P., Chaisiri, S. and Ko, R., 2017. A Scalable Approach to Joint Cyber Insurance and Security-as-a-Service Provisioning in Cloud Computing.IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing. Doherty, J. and Watson, M., 2017. CYBER AND THE C-SUITE.Risk Management,64(6), p.30. Floridi, L., 2017. The Unsustainable Fragility of the Digital, and What to Do About It.Philosophy Technology,30(3), pp.259-261. Halpern, P. and Edelman, R., 2017. US Investment Funds: Public and Private Response to Cyber Risk.The Journal of Investing,26(1), pp.104-116. Hoang, D.T., Wang, P., Niyato, D. and Hossain, E., 2017. Charging and discharging of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems: A cyber insurance-based model.IEEE Access,5, pp.732-754. Kesan, J.P. and Hayes, C.M., 2017. Strengthening Cybersecurity with Cyber Insurance Markets and Better Risk Assessment. Kuru, D., Kuru, D., Bayraktar, S. and Bayraktar, S., 2017. The effect of cyber-risk insurance to social welfare.Journal of Financial Crime,24(2), pp.329-346. Low, P., 2017. Insuring against cyber-attacks.Computer Fraud Security,2017(4), pp.18-20. Lu, X., Niyato, D., Jiang, H., Wang, P. and Poor, H.V., 2017. Cyber Insurance for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks.arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.07198. Meland, P.H., Tndel, I.A., Moe, M. and Seehusen, F., 2017, September. Facing Uncertainty in Cyber Insurance Policies. InInternational Workshop on Security and Trust Management(pp. 89-100). Springer, Cham. O'Rourke, M., 2017. The cyber insurance obstacle course.Risk Management,64(3), pp.52-53. Pal, R., Golubchik, L., Psounis, K. and Hui, P., 2017. Security Pricing as Enabler of Cyber-Insurance A First Look at Differentiated Pricing Markets.IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing. Petratos, P., Sandberg, A. and Zhou, F., 2017. Cyber Insurance.Handbook of Cyber-Development, Cyber-Democracy, and Cyber-Defense, pp.1-28. Romanosky, S., Ablon, L., Kuehn, A. and Jones, T., 2017. Content Analysis of Cyber Insurance Policies: How do carriers write policies and price cyber risk?. Sanguinetti, L., Alpcan, T., Ba?ar, T., Bennis, M., Berry, R.A., Huang, J. and Saad, W., 2017. Guest Editorial Game Theory for Networks, Part II.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,35(3), pp.529-533. Shah, A., 2016. Pricing and Risk Mitigation Analysis of a Cyber Liability Insurance using Gaussian, t and Gumbel CopulasA Case for Cyber Risk Index. Stephens, J.F. and Tilton, M.W., 2017. LAWYERS STILL LAG BEHIND IN NETWORK AND INFORMATION SECURITY RISK MANAGEMENT: CLIENTS AND REGULATORS DEMAND MORE.The Brief,46(4), p.12. Tarr, M., 2017. Law Firm Cybersecurity: The State of Preventative and Remedial Regulation Governing Data Breaches in the Legal Profession.Duke L. Tech. Rev.,15, pp.234-327. Wang, S., 2017. Executive SummaryIntegrated Framework for Information Security Investment and Cyber Insurance. Wang, S., 2017. Integrated Framework for Information Security Investment and Cyber Insurance. Young, D., Lopez, J., Rice, M., Ramsey, B. and McTasney, R., 2016. A framework for incorporating insurance in critical infrastructure cyber risk strategies.International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection,14, pp.43-57. Zhang, R., Zhu, Q. and Hayel, Y., 2017. A Bi-Level Game Approach to Attack-Aware Cyber Insurance of Computer Networks.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,35(3), pp.779-794.